Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurological and developmental condition that impacts how individuals interact, communicate, learn, and behave. While autism can be diagnosed at any age, it is considered a "developmental disorder" because its symptoms typically emerge within the first two years of life. (The National Institute of Mental Health, 2022)
The term "autism" was first used by child psychiatrist Leo Kanner, who noticed that children with autism often preferred to be alone. He derived the word "autistic" from the Greek word "autos," meaning self, reflecting this tendency. Over time, our understanding of autism has evolved, and today, it's known as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Affecting approximately 3.5 million people in the U.S., it is now recognized as the fastest-growing developmental disability.
The term “spectrum” refers to the wide range of characteristics and challenges that individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) may experience. While most people with ASD face challenges with communication and social skills, the severity and nature of these challenges can vary greatly from person to person. Autism is considered a “spectrum disorder” because of the diverse ways it manifests. People of all backgrounds, including different genders, races, ethnicities, and socioeconomic statuses, can be diagnosed with ASD. (The National Institute of Mental Health, 2022)
As research into ASD continues, our understanding of the various symptoms has expanded, leading to more accurate diagnoses. This progress has made it possible for clinicians to identify cases that may have been overlooked or misdiagnosed in the past. Additionally, growing awareness of ASD has made it easier for people to recognize how it can present differently in individuals.
The main traits of ASD include challenges in social communication and the presence of repetitive behaviors. Communication difficulties might include difficulties with eye contact, using gestures, or understanding facial expressions. Social difficulties may manifest as trouble expressing emotions, seeking comfort, or feeling overwhelmed in social situations. Repetitive behaviors could include actions like rocking, repeating movements with objects, or having intense, focused interests in specific topics.
Cerebral Cortex: Responsible for advanced thinking, movement, and behavioral responses.
Amygdala: Plays a role in emotional reactions, including aggression.
Brain Stem: Controls bodily functions like breathing and heart rate, and transmits messages throughout the body.
Basal Ganglia: Helps regulate automatic movements.
Hippocampus: Involved in memory and the ability to recall new information.
Corpus Callosum: Allows communication between the two hemispheres of the brain.
Cerebellum: Coordinates motor activities and maintains balance.
The concept of "treatment" for ASD is evolving. Rather than seeking a cure, which currently doesn’t exist, the focus is on supporting individuals with ASD. Awareness has led to greater acceptance and understanding of ASD. Some medications can help manage common symptoms like anxiety, hyperactivity, and mood regulation. Therapies such as behavioral therapy, speech therapy, and occupational therapy are commonly used and are especially effective when started early, before age 3. The most recommended therapy is Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA), which focuses on improving specific behaviors and skills.
Who to see: A Developmental Pediatrician, Child Neurologist, or Child Psychologist/Psychiatrist can perform a comprehensive evaluation to make a diagnosis.
What they evaluate: The clinician will assess the individual's behavior and developmental milestones.
When to diagnose: While signs of ASD can appear as early as 18 months, a reliable diagnosis is usually made by age 2.